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The arc of healthcare
c. 50,000 BCE
Shanidar 1 survives severe disability through prehistoric care
c. 1600 BCE
The Edwin Smith Papyrus records rational surgery
c. 400 BCE
Hippocratic medicine separates disease from superstition
805 CE
Baghdad turns the hospital into a healthcare system
c. 900 CE
Al-Razi distinguishes smallpox from measles
1025 CE
Ibn Sina completes
The Canon of Medicine
1543 CE
Vesalius publishes
De humani corporis fabrica
1628 CE
Harvey describes the circulation of the blood
1747 CE
Lind runs the first controlled clinical trial
1796 CE
Jenner creates the first successful vaccine
1846 CE
Ether anaesthesia makes painless surgery possible
1847 CE
Semmelweis links handwashing to lives saved
1854 CE
Snow traces cholera to a London water pump
1860 CE
Florence Nightingale founds modern nursing education
1867 CE
Lister makes surgery survivable
1876 CE
Pasteur and Koch establish the germ theory of disease
1895 CE
Röntgen discovers X-rays
1921 CE
Banting and Best isolate insulin
1928 CE
Penicillin launches the antibiotic age
1948 CE
The NHS makes healthcare a universal public service
1953 CE
Watson, Crick and Franklin reveal the structure of DNA
1978 CE
Louise Brown is born through IVF
1979 CE
Beauchamp and Childress publish
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
1980 CE
Smallpox is declared eradicated
2003 CE
The Human Genome Project reads the first reference genome
2020 CE
Katalin Karikó’s mRNA breakthrough reaches the world
2020 CE
AlphaFold
from DeepMind solves the protein folding problem
2026 CE
NECASIS Incorporated
2040
Recursively self improving healthcare systems